Domestic Pets of Shoguns of Japan

Examining the diverse pet companions of Japan's Shoguns

Shoguns were formidable people in Japanese history, but they also had a tender side, as evidenced by their fondness for domestic animals. Stay tuned as we publish amazing stories about shoguns' relationships with their pets.

Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate, had a liking for birds, which he passed down to his successors. Ieasu's passion for falconry made him well-known throughout the country. Along with Hayabusa, his most prized falcon, Hideyoshi amassed an incredible collection of rare birds including as parrots, peacocks, and nightingales. Their presence not only improved the aesthetics of his home, but also conveyed a sense of richness and sophistication. 

Falconry, known as takagari, which includes the keeping and training of hawks, was indeed a noble pastime in Tokugawa Japan

While some shoguns found consolation in birds, others developed great ties with their loyal dogs. Oda Nobunaga, a tremendously ambitious guy, was accompanied by a dog called Inu. Inu's commitment to his master echoed Nobunaga's wish for his troops to be as faithful to him. 

Some shoguns' eccentricity was heightened by their preference for unusual animals rather than dogs and cats. Tokugawa Tsunayoshi is well-known for his animal welfare policies, but he also owned a collection of exotic animals including as monkeys, deer, and even a tiger. 

Tokugawa Iemitsu, the third shogun, was known for his fondness for horses, particularly his prized stallion Kurokage. Iemitsu used a Kurokage, which was renowned for its speed and strength, to travel throughout the country and reach his destinations much quicker. Tokugawa Yoshimune, the Tokugawa dynasty's ninth shogun, had specific preferences. He built exquisite ponds for koi carp in his palace gardens, where he discovered the ideal spot to reflect and relax.

The picturesque castles of shogunal Japan were filled with domestic pets and exotic animals

In a nutshell, different animals such as falcons flying in the sky, dogs guarding the sleep of their masters, or exotic birds adorning the halls shaped people's daily lives in ancient Japan. These human-animal interactions can help us understand the intricate character and national soul of Japan, which is still relevant today.

Falcons and Hawks

During the Shogunate era, Japan had a well-established tradition of hunting with trained birds of prey, known as falconry. 

Known as 'takagari' or 'takajutsu,' falconry was not only a sport, but also a symbol of status. 

Takagari was not something common people did. Keeping falcons and hawks requires specialized skills, lots of time, and resources. The majority of falconers were either samurai or nobles, because only they could afford it.

Training methods were handed down from generation to generation, from father to son, with methods varying based on the species and the hunting objectives. Hawks were employed to catch various animals, such as small birds and rabbits, and even larger prey such as deer. The bird's successful training and use after many years of diligent care would have brought pride to their trainers.

 

A common sight in shogunal Japan was the majestic sight of hawks gracefully soaring through the air

Various native birds were used instead of imported ones. At that time, Japanese birds like the Japanese Sparrowhawk (Accipiter gularis) or Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) were commonly employed and considered to be sharp-eyed and swift.

The Japanese Sparrowhawk, known as Kanmuri-Washi or Kotaka-Washi, is a small bird of prey native to Japan and used by falconers to catch smaller prey such as sparrows and quails. On other hand, the Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), known as O-Washi or O-Takazura, is a larger species of hawk and known for its strong grip and versatility in hunting a range of prey, such as medium-sized birds and mammals. Goshawks are preferred by experienced falconers, but they also require more training time.

The many festivals held in Japan are proof of the importance of hawks in Japanese culture. Takagari Matsuri (literally 'Hawk Hunting Festival') was a prominent festival during the Shogunate era, where falconers demonstrated not only their skills in hunting, but also their knowledge of natural science. To be successful, falconers needed to have a profound grasp of the anatomy and behavior of hawks, and recognize the importance of factors such as wing shape, talon strength, and keen eyesight.

Dogs

Japanese attitudes towards dogs at that time were significantly shaped by the importance of social hierarchy and filial piety in Confucianism, as these virtues are naturally present in dogs. In the hierarchical structure of Japan, where loyalty and obedience are paramount, dogs lived up to these virtues and were often prized for them more than any other animal. 

The samurai code of Bushido complemented this viewpoint by elevating the status of dogs as protectors of the warrior class. The life of the samurai was closely associated with dogs. Samurais held dogs in high regard: dogs were viewed as allies in battle and protectors of households. It was not uncommon for samurai to form strong bonds with their dogs, treating them with the same respect and devotion given to their fellow warriors. On the other hand, the homes of women were mainly enriched by the presence of cats, who had more subtle mystical qualities and display independence. 

 Dogs, from the loyal companions of the samurai to the enduring tale of Hachiko's loyalty, have left an indelible mark on Japan

As in the West, dogs were bred for hunting, and large dogs were especially prized. In a painting from the seventeenth century that depicts life in and around Edo, you can see not just hawks on the hunt, but also large dogs. In 1612, the first shogun Ieyasu requested 670 large dogs and 5,000 to 6,000 archers for a deer hunt.

The Dutch were well aware of how sought-after hunting dogs were and tried to obtain favor by importing such animals into Japan. It is generally believed that the large hunting dogs mentioned in Japanese sources are a type of greyhound imported from Europe.

Cats

Cats also played a significant role in Japanese culture, albeit with slight difference: the popularity of cats was higher among women than men. Unlike dogs, who were revered for their loyalty, cats were celebrated more for their grace and mystical qualities. 

In Japanese folklore, cats are frequently depicted as symbols of good luck, protection against evil, and as guardians of sacred spaces. 

This attitude was carried over into everyday life, where cats were welcomed into homes and businesses as pest controllers and prosperity-bringers. Buddhism, with its emphasis on compassion, has fostered a reverence for animals as sentient beings. These views were often strongly linked to cats due to their graceful demeanor and mystical allure.

In Japan, it's common to see cats leisurely strolling through city back alleys or relaxing under the open sky

In summary, dogs, with their loyalty, were favored companions of men, while cats, with their mysterious allure, were favored by women. Although they were not the same, both dogs and cats were respected for their unique contributions to daily life. Furthermore, cultural and religious beliefs about certain animals had an impact on their status. Dogs were often given special shrines because of their connection to Inari, the Shinto god of rice. On the other hand, various Shinto and Buddhist deities, including the beckoning cat Maneki-neko, were associated with cats. Confucianism, Bushido (the way of the samurai), and Buddhism all had a strong connection both with dogs and cats and had a major impact on how people viewed them in many ways.

In traditional Japanese culture, dogs symbolize loyalty

Monuments and Temples Connected To Domestic Pets Around Japan.

Dogs and cats were revered beyond their symbolism. Many monuments and temples were also dedicated to them.

Japan boasts several temples and monuments linked to dogs and cats. Be sure to visit them on your next trip!

The Gotokuji Temple in Tokyo is well-known for its relationship with the Maneki-neko, or beckoning cat, which is said to bring good luck. According to tradition, an impoverished temple priest's cat would appeal to passerbys to come inside, prompting once a visiting samurai to take refuge from a storm at the temple. Thankful for the cat's counsel, the samurai eventually donated large offerings to the temple. Today, Gotokuji Temple houses innumerable sculptures of Maneki-neko, and people seek blessings in the temple, just like the traveling samurai in the story.

Tashirojima Island, commonly known as "Cat Island," in Miyagi Prefecture, has drawn cat enthusiasts from all over the world because it has a cat population that vastly outnumbers people, and tourists can explore various cat-themed attractions such as temples and monuments.

Numerous cats inhabit many scenic spots in Japan, adding extra charm

The Hachiko Statue in front of Shibuya Station in Tokyo is dedicated to the legendary Akita dog Hachiko. 

The legendary loyalty of Hachiko to his owner, Professor Hidesaburo Ueno, has become a part of Japanese folklore. Despite Professor Ueno's passing, Hachiko remained faithfully waiting at Shibuya Station for his owner's return every day.

The statue of Hachiko was put in place outside Tokyo's Shibuya Station in 1934 and nowadays it is a major tourist attraction.

The story of the dog Hachiko gained worldwide fame, particularly after the 2009 movie of the same name, starring Richard Gere

The Nishi Honganji Temple in Kyoto is a significant location that houses Nyanko-do, or Cat Hall. The hall, which was built during the Edo era, is dedicated to cats and is believed to give protection and blessings to their visitors. In addition, Sumiyoshi Taisha Shrine in Osaka has a shrine known as 'Inu Jinja', where dogs are revered as guardians, which has been around since the Edo period.

You can purchase cat-themed souvenirs at temples

The Yanaka Cemetery in Tokyo is the location for Taito-ji Temple, which has a statue of Bakeneko, a mythical cat creature, guarding it. The Bakeneko, believed to have supernatural powers, is worshipped as a guardian spirit who safeguards the cemetery and its inhabitants from harm. These monuments and shrines serve as concrete reminders of pets' contributions to Japanese civilization. It is certain that during the Edo period, individuals developed a strong attachment to their pets, particularly dogs and cats and they showed their affection for them by erecting landmarks.

The History of Animal Welfare in Japan: The Story of "Dog Shogun," Tokugawa Tsunayoshi

Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, often known as the Dog Shogun, reigned Japan from 1680 to 1709 and is well-known for his pioneering animal care measures. In particular, his policies seek to protect dogs. Tokugawa Tsunayoshi issued a series of edicts known as the 'Edicts on Compassion for Living Things' with the goal of protecting animals, particularly dogs, from cruelty and neglect. These edicts were part of his larger ideology of spreading compassion and goodwill across the land.

Laws against the injury or mistreatment of dogs were strictly enforced, and anyone who broke them faced severe penalties. This was a deviation from the common belief that dogs were mostly utilized for work or hunting.

Tsunayoshi Tokugawa earned the nickname 'Dog Shogun' due to his extensive animal protection laws

 

Tsunayoshi even established animal clinics, known as 'Inu-yarai,' to treat injured or sick dogs. The hospitals provided medical attention and refuge for dogs in need, demonstrating his concern for their well-being.

The frst prohibition against harming dogs of Jôkyô 3 (1686) decreed that it was a punishable offense to have carts running over and injuring dogs, and continued: "The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated."
Tsunayoshi's public works included building bridges and roads with low curbs for dogs, ensuring their safety while traveling along humans on the bustling streets of Edo Japan, because many of them were usually crushed by heavy-loaded weel carts.

Tsuyanoshi's concern for animal welfare was not restricted to dogs; he issued directives ensuring the wellbeing of horses long before those affecting dogs. Only weeks after becoming shogun, Tsunayoshi issued an order to end the practice of severing horses' sinews to make their gaits more spirited in the stables. According to new legislation, persons were also fined for overloading horses with too much cargo. Inspired by Buddhism, his reign included a comprehensive anti-cruelty campaign. Creating stringent punishments for all forms of animal abuse, neglect, and cruelty. These regulations would apply to all animals, not just dogs, and would contain mechanisms for reporting, investigation, and prosecution of violators.

Tsunayoshi's animal welfare policies led to his nickname 'Dog Shogun' and left a lasting impact on Japanese culture. 

However, his policies also faced criticism from some contemporaries who viewed his focus on animal welfare as excessive or misguided, particularly considering the socio-political challenges faced by humans at the time. Overall, Tokugawa Tsunayoshi's animal welfare initiatives, particularly his efforts to protect dogs, represented a remarkable departure from traditional attitudes toward animals and had a significant impact.

Animals were a common theme in Ancient Japanese Literature

"In the heart of every warrior lies the spirit of the wolf, loyal and fierce. In the company of such noble creatures, we find strength and courage." - Allegedly spoken by a samurai of the Tokugawa era, highlighting the revered status of dogs among the warrior class.

"The cat, with its graceful movements and piercing gaze, embodies the essence of tranquility and wisdom. In its presence, we find solace and serenity." - A sentiment expressed by a court poet of the Edo period, reflecting the admiration for cats in Japanese culture

"The falcon, with its keen eyes and swift wings, epitomizes the spirit of nobility and freedom. In its flight, we see the embodiment of power and grace" - Inspired by the writings of Matsuo Bashō, a renowned haiku poet of the Edo period, who often depicted nature and animals in his works.

"I have found in my faithful hound a companion whose loyalty knows no bounds, whose courage inspires my own, and whose presence brings me comfort in times of solitude" - Anecdotal account attributed to a samurai of the Tokugawa era, reflecting the deep bond between warriors and their dogs.

"In the quiet moments spent in the company of my beloved cat, I find solace beyond words. In her innocent demeanor, I glimpse the beauty of life's simple joys" - Supposedly spoken by a noblewoman of the Edo period, capturing the reverence for cats among the aristocracy.